Ostariophysan Alarm Pheromones: Laboratory and Field Tests of the Functional Significance of Nitrogen Oxides

By Grant E. Brown, J. C. Adrian, E. Smyth, H. Leet, S. Brennan. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 2004

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The effects of reduced pH on chemical alarm signalling in ostariophysan fishes (2002, methodology): “Mean (± SE) SL at time of testing was 4.82 ± 0.19 cm. Hypoxanthine-3-N-oxide was synthesized according to Brown et al. (2000).”
SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL SCALES OF PREDATOR AVOIDANCE: EXPERIMENTS WITH FISH AND SNAILS (2003, unknown): “However, neither the kairmone used by Daphnia to detect Chaoborus or the alarm pheromone of ostariophysan fish are proteins (Tollrian and Dodson 1999, Brown et al. 2000).”
Chemically Mediated Strategies to Counter Predation (2003, methodology): “Subsequent experimental evidence using hypoxanthine 3(N) oxide confirm its biological activity in inducing alarm behavior (Pfeiffer et al., 1985; Brown et al., 2000; 2001).”
A comparison of the light/dark and novel tank tests in zebrafish (2012, background): “, 2009), a substance that is present in several fish alarm substances and that elicits alarm reactions in other species (Pfeiffer et al., 1985; Brown et al., 2000).”
Response of juvenile rainbow trout to varying concentrations of chemical alarm cue: response thresholds and survival during encounters with predators (2003, background): “H3NO is the putative minnow alarm pheromone ( Brown et al. 2000 ).”