Tough, Bio-Inspired Hybrid Materials

By É. Munch. Science, 2008

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Merger of structure and material in nacre and bone - Perspectives on de novo biomimetic materials (2009, background): “More recently, aluminum oxide and polymethyl methacrylate structures were made with toughness as high as 30 MPa m [98].”
Functional gradients and heterogeneities in biological materials: Design principles, functions, and bioinspired applications (2017, background): “One notable achievement is the fabrication of a freeze-cast alumina ceramic containing an infiltrated PMMA phase in the image of nacre (red Abalone shell), which displays marked R-curve behavior with a very high fracture toughness over 30 MPa m due to its brick-and-mortar structure that acts to stab”
Predation versus protection: Fish teeth and scales evaluated by nanoindentation (2012, background): “The multilayered structure and graded mechanical properties seem to be widely adopted in fish scales and biological armor materials, indicating evidence of evolutionary convergence which may inspire the design of novel composites.(49,50)”