Functional gradients and heterogeneities in biological materials: Design principles, functions, and bioinspired applications

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Mechanical properties of high-entropy alloys with emphasis on face-centered cubic alloys (2019, background): “[102,103] developed gradient materials with a combination of coarse-crystalline and nanocrystalline gradient structures leading to increased ductility at a relatively high strength [104].”
Heterostructured materials: superior properties from hetero-zone interaction (2020, background): “widely used in natural materials [191], most often to achieve unusual combinations of properties.”