What are the dielectric “constants” of proteins and how to validate electrostatic models?

By Claudia N. Schutz, A. Warshel. Proteins: Structure, Function, and Bioinformatics, 2001

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SnugDock: Paratope Structural Optimization during Antibody-Antigen Docking Compensates for Errors in Antibody Homology Models (2010, background): “Missing water molecules affected the prediction of targets 1ZTX and 1VFB. Antibody interfaces in general are polar [48], and several targets with the most polar interfacial CDRs (1VFB, 1JHL, 1NCA) failed perhaps due to the challenges in modeling electrostatics [49].”
H++ 3.0: automating pK prediction and the preparation of biomolecular structures for atomistic molecular modeling and simulations (2012, background): “The PB implicit solvent model in H++uses a fixed dielectric value for the solute (protein), even though the appropriate dielectric value can vary considerably depending on the location of the group in question within the protein (16,20,27,44,45).”
Theoretical and computational models of biological ion channels (2004, neutral): “1991 ; Warshel & Papazyan , 1998 ; Schutz & Warshel , 2001 ; Simonson , 2003 ) .”
The Poisson–Boltzmann equation for biomolecular electrostatics: a tool for structural biology (2002, background): “When group reorientations are important and are not included explicitly in the formalism, the dielectric constant of the solute should be raised (Schutz and Warshel, 2001).”