Importance of colour in the reaction of passerine predators to aposematic prey: experiments with mutants of Pyrrhocoris apterus (Heteroptera)

By A. Exnerová, K. Svádová, P. Štys, Silvie Barcalová, E. Landová, Milena Prokopová, R. Fuchs, R. Socha. 2006

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The distribution of bumblebee colour patterns worldwide: possible significance for thermoregulation, crypsis, and warning mimicry (2007, background): “These strongly contrasting transverse bands (an ‘intrinsic’ contrast, within the body, as opposed to extrinsic contrast with the background habitat; Exnerová et al., 2006) are the classic aposematic or warning signal to predators (Poulton, 1890), advertising a distasteful or dangerous sting and…”
Avoidance of aposematic prey in European tits (Paridae): learned or innate? (2007, background): “Similar change was observed also in great tits—yearlings were more cautious than older birds in contact with aposematic prey (Lindström et al. 1999; Exnerová et al. 2006).”
Direction and strength of selection by predators for the color of the aposematic wood tiger moth (2011, background): “Furthermore, yellow, orange, and red color patterns are shown to accelerate predator learning (Sillén-Tullberg 1985; Mappes and Alatalo 1997; Gamberale-Stille and Tullberg 1999; Exnerová et al. 2006), and we therefore expected Para.”
Role of different colours of aposematic insects in learning, memory and generalization of naïve bird predators (2009, background): “For more details about the colour mutants, their occasional occurrence in the wild and the origins of laboratory strains see Exnerová et al. (2006).”