Exploring the Environmental Kuznets Hypothesis. Theoretical and Econometric Problems

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Problems estimating the carbon Kuznets curve (2012, background): “9The same source of problems, the dependency between regressors, is noted by MüllerFürstenberger and Wagner [32] and Wagner [33] who conclude that a square of an unit root is not necessarily an unit root.”
Consumption-Based Accounting and the Trade-Carbon Emissions Nexus in Asia: A Heterogeneous, Common Factor Panel Analysis (2018, unknown): “(and potentially cointegrated) variable, like GDP per capita, in ordinary least squares [35].”
The Link between Economic Complexity and Carbon Emissions in the European Union Countries: A Model Based on the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) Approach (2019, unknown): “To obtain meaningful regression results, it is necessary that variables are cointegrated [68].”
An empirical test of the environmental Kuznets curve in China: A panel cointegration approach (2008, background): “2 The problems discussed in Wagner and Müller-Fürstenberger (2004) and Müller-Fürstenberger and Wagner (2007) are nonlinear transformations of integrated regressors in the EKC, the assumption of cross-sectional independence and the small sample properties of panel unit root and cointegration…”
Environmental Kuznets Curves for Carbon Emissions: A Critical Survey (2009, unknown): “12 Similar mixed results are also reported by Müller-Fürstenberger and Wagner (2007).”