Acanthamoeba spp. as Agents of Disease in Humans

By F. Marciano-cabral, G. Cabral. Clinical Microbiology Reviews, 2003

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Acanthamoeba: biology and increasing importance in human health. (2006, neutral): “…have been recovered from hospitals, dialysis units, eye wash stations, human nasal cavities, pharyngeal swabs, lungs tissues, skin lesions, corneal biopsies, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and brain necropsies (reviewed in Khan, 2003; Marciano-Cabral & Cabral, 2003; Schuster & Visvesvara, 2004).”
An update on Acanthamoeba keratitis: diagnosis, pathogenesis and treatment (2015, methodology): “There are currently no methods or a single drug that can eliminate both cystic and trophozoite forms, while the trophozoite form is much more readily eliminated [46, 47, 54, 56].”
Pathogenic and opportunistic free-living amoebae: Acanthamoeba spp., Balamuthia mandrillaris, Naegleria fowleri, and Sappinia diploidea. (2007, background): “Based on sequence differences, 15 genotypes (T1–T15) of Acanthamoeba have been established (Stothard et al. 1998; Horn et al. 1999; Gast, 2001; Hewett et al. 2003; Marciano-Cabral & Cabral, 2003; Khan, 2006; Köshler et al., 2006).”
The role of bacterial biofilms in chronic infections (2013, background): “Protozoa such as free-living amoeba can graze and prey on bacterial biofilms in a wide range of habitats including rivers, activated sludge and water pipes (117, 118).”