Ecosystem energetic implications of parasite and free-living biomass in three estuaries

By A. Kuris, R. Hechinger, J. Shaw, K. L. Whitney, L. Aguirre-Macedo, C. Boch, A. Dobson, Eleca J. Dunham, B. Fredensborg, Todd C. Huspeni and 8 more. Nature, 2008

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Parasite diversity, patterns of MHC II variation and olfactory based mate choice in diverging three-spined stickleback ecotypes (2011, background): “In contrast to morphological adaptation, local adaptations related to parasite pressure have been neglected, although parasites are ubiquitous (Kuris et al. 2008; Poulin 1996) and impose strong selection pressure on all free-living organisms (Hamilton and Zuk 1982).”
Patterns, Causes, and Consequences of Anthropocene Defaunation (2016, background): “Parasites and pathogens are a dominant and healthy component of natural and intact ecosystems (Kuris et al. 2008).”
Ecosystem consequences of fish parasites (2008, background): “How does the biomass of parasites, as a group, compare to the biomass of free-living groups like fishes? What proportion of the fish community is parasite tissue? Kuris et al. (2008) set out to count and weigh every free-living and parasitic animal and plant in three estuarine systems.”
A global parasite conservation plan (2020, background): “In particular, many parasites play critical roles in ecosystems by contributing to biomass flow, food web connectivity, and population control, and by driving the evolution of other species (Dunne et al., 2013; Hudson et al., 2006; Kuris et al., 2008; Lafferty et al., 2008; Sato et al., 2011).”