No supernovae associated with two long-duration γ-ray bursts

By Johan Peter Uldall Fynbo, D. Watson, C. Thöne, J. Sollerman, Joshua S. Bloom, T. Davis, J. Hjorth, P. Jakobsson, U. Jørgensen, J. Graham and 21 more. Nature, 2006

368 citations recorded by the source corpus.

It is now accepted that long-duration γ-ray bursts (GRBs) are produced during the collapse of a massive star1,2. The standard ‘collapsar’ model3 predicts that a broad-lined and luminous type Ic core-collapse supernova accompanies every long-duration GRB4. This association has been confirmed in observations of several nearby GRBs5–9. Here we report that GRB 060505 (ref. 10) and GRB 060614 (ref. 11) were not accompanied by supernova emission down to limits hundreds of times fainter than the archetypal supernova SN 1998bw that accompanied GRB 980425, and fainter than any type Ic supernova ever observed12. Multi-band observations of the early afterglows, as well as spectroscopy of the host galaxies, exclude the possibility of significant dust obscuration and show that the bursts originated in actively star-forming regions. The absence of a supernova to such deep limits is qualitatively different from all previous nearby long-duration GRBs and suggests a new phenomenological type of massive stellar death.

Subfields: Astronomy and Astrophysics

View Paper: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/f01cd0cbbabd651560ccc762d4ce7b4e76570aa9

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In Astronomy and Astrophysics

1. Bing Zhang
2. E. Berger
3. B. Metzger
4. E. Quataert
5. E. Nakar
6. Pawan Kumar
7. T. Thompson
8. E. Liang

Citations in the corpus

• Short-duration gamma-ray bursts with extended emission from protomagnetar spin-down (2007, background): “The hybrid long/short properties of GRB060614 led Gal-Yam et al. (2006) and Gehrels et al. (2006) to propose that it forms the prototype for a new class of GRBs, which we call “short GRBs with extended emission” (or SGRBEEs) (see, however, Fynbo et al. 2006).”
• Short-Duration Gamma-Ray Bursts (2013, background): “…bursts are GRBs 060505 and 060614, with durations of 4 and 102 s, respectively, low redshifts of 0.089 and 0.125, and yet no supernova associations to limitsof about 6− 7 mag fainter than typical long GRB-SNe (Della Valle et al. 2006, Fynbo et al. 2006, Gal-Yam et al. 2006, Gehrels et al. 2006).”
• Gamma-Ray Bursts in the Swift Era (2009, methodology): “…fact, the “peculiar” cases of GRB 060505 and GRB 060614 probably provide the first examples where studies of the host galaxy properties have been applied to argue for a (long- or short-) nature of the bursts themselves (Fynbo et al. 2006b, Gal-Yam et al. 2006, Ofek et al. 2007, Thöne et al. 2008).”
• Making a Short Gamma-Ray Burst from a Long One: Implications for the Nature of GRB 060614 (2006, background): “…z = 0.125 (Price et al. 2006), it is surprising that deep searches of an underlying supernova give null results: the limiting magnitude is hundreds of times fainter than SN 1998bw, and fainter than any Type Ic SN ever observed (Gal-Yam et al. 2006; Fynbo et al. 2006; Della Valle et al. 2006).”
• On the Rates of Gamma-Ray Bursts and Type Ib/c Supernovae (2006, background): “This GRB/SN association applies to a fraction of long GRBs, but not all (Della Valle et al. 2006a; Fynbo et al. 2006; Gal-Yam et al. 2006).”
• THE LIGHT CURVE OF THE MACRONOVA ASSOCIATED WITH THE LONG–SHORT BURST GRB 060614 (2015, background): “…re-analysis of the late time optical afterglow data (Yang et al. 2015; Y15 hereafter) of the peculiar event GRB 060614 that shares some properties of both long-duration and short-duration GRBs (Gehrels et al. 2006; Fynbo et al. 2006; Della Valle et al. 2006; Gal-Yam et al. 2006; Zhang et al. 2007).”
• The fast, luminous ultraviolet transient AT2018cow: extreme supernova, or disruption of a star by an intermediate-mass black hole? (2018, background): “(Velocities this high have been previously seen observationally only in GRBSNe, which have universally high ejecta and nickel masses: Mazzali et al. 2014, although c.f. Fynbo et al. 2006).”
• LOW-RESOLUTION SPECTROSCOPY OF GAMMA-RAY BURST OPTICAL AFTERGLOWS: BIASES IN THE SWIFT SAMPLE AND CHARACTERIZATION OF THE ABSORBERS (2009, methodology): “…3.5 (XRT) 3.2 < 0.54 060219 < 3.5 (XRT) 2.6 < 0.54 060218 0.03 h Sollerman et al. (2006)060210 3.91 a 0.37 Cu hiara et al. (2006a)060206 4.05 a 0.95 Fynbo et al. (2006b)060204B < 4.8 a 0.47 Fynbo et al. (2006d)060202 0.78 h < 0.20 Butler (2007)060124 2.30 a 0.80 Mirabal & Halpern (2006)060115 3.53…”
• Low-Luminosity Gamma-Ray Bursts as a Unique Population: Luminosity Function, Local Rate, and Beaming Factor (2006, background): “We have excluded GRBs 060505 and 060614 from our sample since they are suggested to be classified as a new type of GRBs (Gehrels et al. 2006; Gal-Yam et al. 2006; Fynbo et al. 2006; Della Valle et al. 2006) or to belong to the short GRB group (Zhang et al. 2007a; Zhang 2006).”
• THE HOST GALAXIES OF GAMMA-RAY BURSTS. II. A MASS–METALLICITY RELATION FOR LONG-DURATION GAMMA-RAY BURST HOST GALAXIES (2010, background): “As a result, a number of studies cite these explosive events as potential unbiased tracers of the star formation and metallicity history of the universe at high redshifts (e.g., Bloom et al. 2002, Fynbo et al. 2006a, Chary et al. 2007, Savaglio et al. 2009).”
• DISCERNING THE PHYSICAL ORIGINS OF COSMOLOGICAL GAMMA-RAY BURSTS BASED ON MULTIPLE OBSERVATIONAL CRITERIA: THE CASES OF z = 6.7 GRB 080913, z = 8.2 GRB 090423, AND SOME SHORT/HARD GRBs (2009, background): “…short GRBs (Berger 2009), some long GRBs without X-ray afterglows (Vetere et al. 2008), and the SN-less long-duration, low-energy GRB 060505 (Fynbo et al. 2006; Ofek et al. 2007; Thöne et al. 2008; McBreen et al. 2008; Kann et al. 2008) are oddballs that may hold the clues to identify…”
• A Comprehensive Analysis of Swift XRT Data. III. Jet Break Candidates in X-Ray and Optical Afterglow Light Curves (2007, background): “However, the apparently long duration suggests that it may be from a new type of collapsarwith a small amount of 56Ni ejection (Fynbo et al. 2006;DellaValle et al. 2006; Gal-Yam et al. 2006; King et al. 2007; Tominaga et al. 2007).”
• Probing the Interstellar Medium near Star-forming Regions with Gamma-Ray Burst Afterglow Spectroscopy: Gas, Metals, and Dust (2007, background): “The only possible detection is along the sightline to GRB 060206 with f(H2) ≈ 10 −3.5 (Fynbo et al. 2006), and even this value is likely to be an upper limit (Tumlinson et al. 2007).”
• A NEW POPULATION OF ULTRA-LONG DURATION GAMMA-RAY BURSTS (2013, background): “…GRBs are due to stellar core collapse which also produces an accompanying supernova explosion (see Hjorth et al. 2003; Stanek et al. 2003; Hjorth & Bloom 2012, but see also Fynbo et al. 2006; Gal-Yam et al. 2006; Della Valle et al. 2006; Ofek et al. 2007 for rare possible counterexamples).”