Summation and division by neurons in primate visual cortex.

By Matteo Carandini, David J. Heeger. 1994

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Citations in the corpus

Normalization as a canonical neural computation (2011, methodology): “Indeed, the normalization model was first developed to account for the physiological responses of neurons in the primary visual cortex (V1”
A model of neuronal responses in visual area MT. (1998, positive): “Many of these behaviors can be accounted for by incorporating response normalization (Robson, 1988; Bonds, 1989; Albrecht and Geisler, 1991; Heeger 1991, 1992a,b, 1993; DeAngelis et al., 1992; Carandini and Heeger, 1994; Carandini et al., 1997; Tolhurst and Heeger, 1997a,b; Nestares and Heeger, 1997”
Neural mechanisms of orientation selectivity in the visual cortex. (2000, background): “This shunt would lower the membrane time constant of the cell, thereby lowering its integration time, with the resulting effect of advancing the phase of responses to sinusoidal gratings and enhancing responses to higher temporal frequencies (Carandini & Heeger 1994, Carandini et al 1997).”
How Inhibition Shapes Cortical Activity (2011, unknown): “…visual cortex offer a classical example of gain modulation, where two independent properties of a visual stimulus, contrast, and orientation, interact in a multiplicative manner in generating spike output (Anderson et al., 2000; Carandini and Heeger, 1994; Miller, 2003; Sclar and Freeman, 1982).”
Complex dynamics of V1 population responses explained by a simple gain-control model (2009, unknown): “To account for the observed properties in both time and space, we propose a simple feedforward population gain-control (PGC) model that generalizes earlier normalization models for single V1 neurons (Albrecht and Geisler, 1991; Heeger, 1991, 1992; Carandini and Heeger, 1994; Carandini et al., 1997).”
Contrast's effect on spatial summation by macaque V1 neurons (1999, background): “The effect of contrast on cortical receptive-field size is also relevant to our understanding of cortical contrast gain contro”
Computational models of cortical visual processing. (1996, methodology): “…Heeger, 1992a for review) To explain non-speciic suppression and response saturation, a new model of simple cell responses , known as the the normalization model, has recently been proposed (Robson et al., 1991; Albrecht and Geisler, 1991; Heeger, 1991, 1992a, 1993; Carandini and Heeger, 1994).”
Value-based gain control: divisive normalization in parietal cortex (2011, background): “Normalization characterizes stimulus interaction within the V1 RF (Carandini and Heeger, 1994; Carandini et al., 1997), as well as interactions between the RF center and nonclassical suppressive surround (Cavanaugh et al.”
Non-topographical contrast enhancement in the olfactory bulb (2006, background): “While this chloride-mediated shunt inhibition may often be insufficiently hyperpolarizing to evoke clearly visible ipsps, it is highly effective at blocking spike initiation by multiplicatively decrementing the cumulative effect of excitatory sensory input (Figure 4Avi–vii;[61,65]; see also [66]).”
Do We Know What the Early Visual System Does? (2005, background): “Elaborations of the contrast-normalization model (Carandini and Heeger, 1994; Carandini et al., 1997) have embraced additional nonlinear behaviors (previously unaccounted), such as “phase advance” at high contrasts (Dean and Tolhurst, 1986).”
Attentional modulation of visual processing. (2004, methodology): “…neurophysiology, and they have driven the development of increasingly detailed models of the underlying cortical circuit (Albrecht & Geisler 1991, Carandini & Heeger 1994, Carandini et al. 1997, Grossberg 1973, Heeger 1992, McLaughlin et al. 2000, Murphy & Miller 2003, Somers et al. 1995,…”
The Normalization Model of Attention (2009, background): “…in the early 1990s to explain a variety of such suppressive phenomena evident in the response properties of V1 neurons (Albrecht and Geisler, 1991; Carandini and Heeger, 1994; Carandini et al., 1997; Heeger, 1991, 1992a, 1992b, 1993; Nestares and Heeger, 1997; Robson, 1988; Tolhurst and Heeger,…”
Learning Low-Level Vision (1999, unknown): “This saves having to replicate the training set over all possible values of image contrast, and is a very simpli ed model of the contrast normalization which may take place in the mammalian visual system (Carandini and Heeger, 1994).”
Sensitive Periods in the Development of the Brain and Behavior (2004, background): “Inhibitory networks become powerful and organized so that they suppress alternative patterns of excitation (Galarreta & Hestrin, 2001; Zheng & Knudsen, 2001; Hensch et al., 1998; Carandini & Heeger, 1994).”