Ionic polymer–metal composites: IV. Industrial and medical applications

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Energy harvesting from base excitation of ionic polymer metal composites in fluid environments (2009, methodology): “A comprehensive review of modeling, fabrication, and applications of IPMCs up to the early part of this decade can be found in [27–30].”
A review of recent research on mechanics of multifunctional composite materials and structures (2010, background): “Shahinpoor and Kim have published a series of four review articles dealing with the fundamentals [170], manufacturing techniques [171], modeling and simulation [172], and industrial and biomedical applications [173] of IPMCs.”
A biomimetic jellyfish robot based on ionic polymer metal composite actuators (2009, background): “Based on IPMCs, various novel devices and mechanisms including dust-wipers, robotic arms, four-finger grippers, micro-pumps, robot fish and active catheters have already been proposed for industrial and medical applications [4].”
A dynamic model for ionic polymer–metal composite sensors (2007, background): “IPMC actuators have various promising applications in biomedical devices, bio/micromanipulation and biomimetic robotics [4–10].”