Flow over a Wing with Leading-Edge Undulations

By Alex Skillen, A. Revell, A. Pinelli, Ugo Piomelli, J. Favier. 2015

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Evolution of the streamwise vortices generated between leading edge tubercles (2016, background): “The presence of these streamwise vortices has been shown in previous work (Custodio 2007; Pedro & Kobayashi 2008; Stanway 2008; Skillen et al. 2014); however, the spanwise location of vorticity was not clear in these results and the vorticity was not quantified as it has been in this study.”
On the reduction of aerofoil–turbulence interaction noise associated with wavy leading edges (2016, background): “…in recent years with regard to their benefits in terms of improved aerodynamic/hydrodynamic performance, particularly at high angles of attack close to the stall (Johari et al. 2007; Hansen, Kelso & Dally 2011; Yoon et al. 2011; Guerreiro & Sousa 2012; Zhang, Wang & Xu 2013; Skillen et al. 2014).”
An experimental study on flow separation control of hydrofoils with leading-edge tubercles at low Reynolds number (2015, methodology): “Similar simulation work was also conducted by Weber et al. (2011) at Reynolds number between 5.”
Performance and mechanism of sinusoidal leading edge serrations for the reduction of turbulence–aerofoil interaction noise (2017, background): “More recently, Skillen et al. (2014) have also explored the mechanism involved in the reduction of the separation region at high angles of attack by the use of serrated aerofoils.”