The household registration system and social stratification in China: 1955–1996

By Xiaogang Wu, D. Treiman. Demography, 2002

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Educational Inequality under China's Rural–Urban Divide: The Hukou System and Return to Education (2010, background): “Because China's rural ^ urban migration, like any other type of migration in the world, is a selective process (Massey et al, 1993; Wu and Treiman, 2004) and geographical factors play a major role in economic development (Gallup et al, 1998), we restrict our analysis to three subsamples and allow…”
Intergenerational Income Mobility in Urban China (2012, neutral): “…household registration system initiated in Mao’s era restricted geographic labor mobility, and therefore probably reduced intergenerational mobility (Wu and Treiman, 2003).5 The transition from a planned to a market oriented economy initiated in the late 1970s and early 1980s has moved the society…”
The “difference between heaven and earth”: Urban–rural disparities in well-being in China (2012, background): “…into expanding cities, it was, and is, very difficult to change one’s hukou status from agricultural to non-agricultural, the main requirement being tertiary or technical secondary schooling, military service, or assignment to an urban job (Chan & Buckingham, 2008, pp. 590–591; Wu & Treiman, 2004).”