Virus Attenuation by Genome-Scale Changes in Codon Pair Bias

By J. Coleman, Dimitris P. Papamichail, Steven S. Skiena, B. Futcher, Eckard Wimmer, Steffen Mueller. Science, 2008

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The Evolution and Emergence of RNA Viruses (2009, background): “Indeed, experimentally altering synonymous codon usage in poliovirus had a major effect on viral fi tness, even resulting in attenuation (Coleman et al. 2008).”
Codon Bias as a Means to Fine-Tune Gene Expression (2015, background): “Modification of this codon pair usage in virulencerelated genes of viruses and has been presented as an elegant strategy to produce vaccines with attenuated viruses (Coleman et al., 2008).”
New Vaccine Design and Delivery Technologies (2019, background): “The engineered HA possesses a proteolytic cleavage site recognized by pancreatic elastase instead of trypsin-like serine proteases, and the resultant virus is highly attenuated while remaining immunogenic. Virus attenuation by genome-wide modifications in codon pair bias, in which adjacent codon usa”