Why are patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease at increased risk of cardiovascular diseases? The potential role of systemic inflammation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

By D. Sin, S. Man. Circulation, 2003

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Association between chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and systemic inflammation: a systematic review and a meta-analysis (2004, background): “5–7 17 26 Moreover, during periods of exacerbation, plasma levels of fibrinogen and serum levels of IL-6 increase significantly, which may further contribute to increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in patients with COPD.”
Clusters of comorbidities based on validated objective measurements and systemic inflammation in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. (2013, background): “For example, bivariate associations among various systemic inflammatory biomarkers and pulmonary cachexia (33), subclinical atherosclerosis (34), metabolic syndrome (35), and ischemic heart disease have been reported in patients with COPD (36).”