Association between chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and systemic inflammation: a systematic review and a meta-analysis

By W. Gan, S. Man, A. Senthilselvan, D. D. Sin. Thorax, 2004

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Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease phenotypes: the future of COPD. (2010, background): “If defined by the presence of elevated biomarkers (including C-reactive protein, serum amyloid A, proinflammatory cytokines IL-6 and IL-8, tumor necrosis factor a, and leukocytes), systemic inflammation does not appear to be present in every patient with COPD (41, 42).”
Evaluation of COPD Longitudinally to Identify Predictive Surrogate End-points (ECLIPSE) (2008, background): “Systemic inflammation is increasingly being recognised as an important feature of COPD [ 16 ].”
Persistent Systemic Inflammation is Associated with Poor Clinical Outcomes in COPD: A Novel Phenotype (2012, methodology): “In smokers with normal spirometry, some nodes (WBC, IL-8 and TNFa) are larger (p,0.001) than in nonsmokers whereas others (CRP, IL-6 and fibrinogen) have a similar size (p = ns), and a network (inflammome) is now clearly visible, with many thick linking lines (Figure 2).”
Mortality in COPD: role of comorbidities (2006, background): “A systematic review identified 14 studies investigating the relationship between stable COPD (of any severity), FEV1 or forced expiratory vital capacity and levels of systemic inflammatory markers, including C-reactive protein (CRP), fibrinogen, circulating leukocytes and the pro-inflammatory cytoki”