Causal relationship between energy consumption (EC) and GDP: A Markov-switching (MS) causality

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A meta-analysis investigation of the direction of the energy-GDP causal relationship: implications for the growth-degrowth dialogue (2014, background): “…Smith, 2001) bounds test (Akinlo, 2008; Ghosh, 2009; Fatai et al., 2004; Ozturk and Acaravci, 2010, 2011; Zachariadis, 2007) and at least 12 other methods (Asghar and Rahat, 2011; Belke et al., 2011; Chiou-Wei et al., 2008; Fallahi, 2011; Hu and Lin, 2008; Narayan and Prasad, 2008; Thoma, 2004).”
An international literature survey on energy-economic growth nexus: Evidence from country-specific studies (2014, unknown): “consumption and economic growth, there are some other energy-growth nexus studies such as Fallahi [26], and Li et al.”
Time-Varying Analysis of CO2 Emissions, Energy Consumption, and Economic Growth Nexus: Statistical Experience in Next 11 Countries (2016, background): “In addition, Belloumi (2009), Fallahi (2011) and Fuinhas and Marques (2012) document an existence of bidirectional causality or a validation of the feedback hypothesis between energy consumption and economic growth.”
The asymmetric effect of trade openness on economic growth in South Africa: a nonlinear ARDL approach (2020, background): “Fallahi (2011) found that MS(2) specification better fits the macroeconomic relationships.”