Sentencing Female Misdemeanants: An Examination of the Direct and Indirect Effects of Race/Ethnicity

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An Examination of the Interactions of Race and Gender on Sentencing Decisions Using a Trichotomous Dependent Variable (2013, background): “Brennan (2006) found that race indirectly affected women’s sentences through such variables as offense severity, prior record, community ties, and social–economic status, with Black and Hispanic women being more likely than White women to receive jail sentence.”
Distinguishing Race Effects on Pre-Trial Release and Sentencing Decisions (2012, background): “For example, Brennan (2006) found racial disparities in the odds of incarceration in jail for a sample of female misdemeanants in New York City, but this disparity was due to race group differences in employment status and education.”
Recent Developments and New Directions in Sentencing Research (2012, background): “As another example, Brennan (2006) found that race/ethnicity”
Reassessing and Redirecting Research on Race and Sentencing (2013, background): “The former issue could be more routinely addressed within the modal research tradition, but it is rarely done (for exceptions, see Brennan, 2006; LaFree, 1985; Spohn, 1992, 2009; Spohn et al., 1981-1982).”