Optimal diet composition for European whitefish (Coregonus lavaretus): carbohydrate stress and immune parameter responses

By J. Vielma, J. Koskela, K. Ruohonen, Ilmari E. Jokinen, J. Kettunen. 2003

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Effect of fish meal replacement by plant protein sources on non-specific defence mechanisms and oxidative stress in gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) (2005, background): “Much attention has been focused on plant proteins (PP), although their use is limited by deficiencies in essential amino acids and minerals, and the presence of antinutrititional factors (ANFs) and complex carbohydrates (NRC, 1993; Vielma et al., 2003).”
Full replacement of menhaden fish meal protein by low-gossypol cottonseed flour protein in the diet of juvenile black sea bass Centropristis striata (2016, background): “, 2005), European white fish Coregonus lavaretus (Vielma et al., 2003), and common carp Cyprinus carpio (Ahmad et al.”
Immunological Control of Fish Diseases (2010, unknown): “1997; Montero et al. 2001; Vielma et al. 2003; Welker et al. 2007).”
Effects of Graded Levels of Carbohydrate on Growth and Survival of Largemouth Bass, Micropterus salmoides (2008, background): “However, there are instances of nutritional problems when excessive CHO are fed to carnivorous fish (Vielma et al. 2003).”