Structural insights into coronavirus entry

By A. Tortoricia, David Veeslera. 2019

690 citations recorded by the source corpus.

Coronaviruses (CoVs) have caused outbreaks of deadly pneumonia in humans since the beginning of the 21st century. The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) emerged in 2002 and was responsible for an epidemic that spread to five continents with a fatality rate of 10% before being contained in 2003 (with additional cases reported in 2004). The Middle-East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) emerged in the Arabian Peninsula in 2012 and has caused recurrent outbreaks in humans with a fatality rate of 35%. SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV are zoonotic viruses that crossed the species barrier using bats/palm civets and dromedary camels, respectively. No specific treatments or vaccines have been approved against any of the six human coronaviruses, highlighting the need to investigate the principles governing viral entry and cross-species transmission as well as to prepare for zoonotic outbreaks which are likely to occur due to the large reservoir of CoVs found in mammals and birds. Here, we review our understanding of the infection mechanism used by coronaviruses derived from recent structural and biochemical studies.

Subfields: Animal Science and Zoology, Infectious Diseases

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Citations in the corpus

Elicitation of Potent Neutralizing Antibody Responses by Designed Protein Nanoparticle Vaccines for SARS-CoV-2 (2020, positive): “As the coronavirus S glycoprotein is surface-exposed and initiates infection, it is the main target of neutralizing antibodies (Abs) upon infection and the focus of vaccine design (Tortorici and Veesler, 2019).”
Structural and Functional Analysis of the D614G SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein Variant (2020, positive): “, 2020), and the open conformation is believed tobeonpathway forSprotein-mediated fusionof the virionmembranewith the target cell membrane (Tortorici and Veesler, 2019).”
Structures of Human Antibodies Bound to SARS-CoV-2 Spike Reveal Common Epitopes and Recurrent Features of Antibodies (2020, neutral): “10 bi hu ps an vid ep sc Co gle and SARS-CoV (Tortorici and Veesler, 2019), whereas HCoV-OC43 and HCoVHKU1 uses their S1 domains to bind host receptors including 9-O-acetylated sialic acids (Tortorici et al.”
Mapping Neutralizing and Immunodominant Sites on the SARS-CoV-2 Spike Receptor-Binding Domain by Structure-Guided High-Resolution Serology (2020, positive): “As the coronavirus S glycoprotein mediates entry into host cells and is prominently exposed at the viral surface, it is the main target of neutralizing Abs (nAbs) and has been a focus of therapeutic and vaccine design efforts (Tortorici and Veesler, 2019).”
The origin, transmission and clinical therapies on coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak – an update on the status (2020, background): “The virion S-glycoprotein on the surface of coronavirus can attach to the receptor, ACE2 on the surface of human cells [29].”
Structure, Function, and Antigenicity of the SARS-CoV-2 Spike Glycoprotein (2020, background): “Coronavirus entry into host cells is mediated by the transmembrane spike (S) glycoprotein that forms homotrimers protruding from the viral surface (Tortorici and Veesler, 2019).”
A human coronavirus evolves antigenically to escape antibody immunity (2020, background): “Coronavirus spikes consist of two subunits, S1 and S2, and it is well known that S2 is relatively conserved whereas S1 is more rapidly evolving [29,52].”
SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein variant D614G increases infectivity and retains sensitivity to antibodies that target the receptor binding domain (2020, positive): “The open conformation is believed to be required for ACE2-binding and to be on-pathway for S protein-mediated fusion of the virion membrane with the target cell membrane (Tortorici and Veesler, 2019).”