Overview and Evaluation of Bluetooth Low Energy: An Emerging Low-Power Wireless Technology

By Carles Gomez, Joaquim Oller, Josep Paradells Aspas. Italian National Conference on Sensors, 2012

1,056 citations recorded by the source corpus.

Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) is an emerging low-power wireless technology developed for short-range control and monitoring applications that is expected to be incorporated into billions of devices in the next few years. This paper describes the main features of BLE, explores its potential applications, and investigates the impact of various critical parameters on its performance. BLE represents a trade-off between energy consumption, latency, piconet size, and throughput that mainly depends on parameters such as connInterval and connSlaveLatency. According to theoretical results, the lifetime of a BLE device powered by a coin cell battery ranges between 2.0 days and 14.1 years. The number of simultaneous slaves per master ranges between 2 and 5,917. The minimum latency for a master to obtain a sensor reading is 676 μs, although simulation results show that, under high bit error rate, average latency increases by up to three orders of magnitude. The paper provides experimental results that complement the theoretical and simulation findings, and indicates implementation constraints that may reduce BLE performance.

Subfields: Computer Networks and Communications, Electrical and Electronic Engineering

View Paper: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/e70f108961a7b250d3a77ca4a16c8e65626e96e6

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Citations in the corpus

Digital Twin: Vision, Benefits, Boundaries, and Creation for Buildings (2019, background): “In contrast to Zigbee, BLE communication technology is widely and out of the box available in consumer electronic devices [63] such as laptops, smartphones, and in our case, Raspberry Pi 3B+.”
BLE Beacons for Internet of Things Applications: Survey, Challenges, and Opportunities (2018, background): “is BLE beacons and their promising features for IoT development, interested readers should refer to [43] and [44] for a detailed description about Bluetooth Smart Ready and other roles of BLE (i.”
Internet of Things: Architectures, Protocols, and Applications (2017, background): “The functionalities of upper layers are included in the host [62].”
A Survey on the Role of IoT in Agriculture for the Implementation of Smart Farming (2019, methodology): “EPC-Global (designed for RFID technologies) [39] and Z-wave (particularly designed for domotics) [40] have also been used as alternative of IEEE 802.”
IoT: Internet of Threats? A Survey of Practical Security Vulnerabilities in Real IoT Devices (2019, methodology): “4 GHz ISM band and uses 40 channels with a 2 MHz spacing [70].”
A Survey of Selected Indoor Positioning Methods for Smartphones (2017, background): “A BLE beacon is self-contained and very small, roughly the size of a coin and it is in sleep mode most of the time and only wakes up when a connection is initiated [34].”
A survey of intrusion detection in Internet of Things (2017, background): “The GAP defines some possible operation modes for BLE devices (AlFuqaha et al., 2015; Gomez et al., 2012).”
Evolution of Indoor Positioning Technologies: A Survey (2017, background): “It takes advantage of the short range of BLE in order to determine when the user is in the proximity of a beacon.”
Internet of Things in the 5G Era: Enablers, Architecture, and Business Models (2016, methodology): “Manuscript received August, 2015; revised XXX, 2015. such as Bluetooth Low Energy in Personal Area Networks [3], and Zigbee in Home Automation systems [4].”
A Survey on Emerging SDN and NFV Security Mechanisms for IoT Systems (2019, background): “11ah, and Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) [43] are the most widely”
Security for the Internet of Things: A Survey of Existing Protocols and Open Research Issues (2015, methodology): “of communications using Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) [29], Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications Ultra Low En-”