Utilization of natural and synthetic sources of carotenoids in the skin pigmentation of gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata)

By E. Gomes, Jorge Dias, Paula Silva, L. Valente, J. Empis, L. Gouveia, J. Bowen, A. Young. 2002

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Astaxanthin: A Review of its Chemistry and Applications (2006, background): “In general, the microbial sources of carotenoids are comparable to synthetic sources as far as pigmentation is concerned (Choubert and Heinrich, 1993; Gouveia et al., 1996, 2002; Bowen et al., 2002; Gomes et al., 2002).”
Effects of dietary supplementation of carotenoids on survival, growth, pigmentation, and antioxidant capacity of characins, Hyphessobrycon callistus (2006, unknown): “Neither growth nor feed efficiency of gilthead seabream were affected by diets supplemented with synthetic AX or Haematococcus pluvialis or no CD (Gomes et al., 2002).”
Effect of different carotenoid sources and their dietary levels on red porgy (Pagrus pagrus) growth and skin colour (2005, methodology): “D. Means with no letters or with common letters denote no from algae were efficiently absorbed, as shown in plasma carotenoid composition (Gomes et al., 2002).”