Making tissue engineering scaffolds work. Review: the application of solid freeform fabrication technology to the production of tissue engineering scaffolds.
By E. Sachlos, J. Czernuszka. European Cells & Materials, 2003
1,246 citations recorded by the source corpus.
Tissue engineering is a new and exciting technique which has the potential to create tissues and organs de novo. It involves the in vitro seeding and attachment of human cells onto a scaffold. These cells then proliferate, migrate and differentiate into the specific tissue while secreting the extracellular matrix components required to create the tissue. It is evident, therefore, that the choice of scaffold is crucial to enable the cells to behave in the required manner to produce tissues and organs of the desired shape and size. Current scaffolds, made by conventional scaffold fabrication techniques, are generally foams of synthetic polymers. The cells do not necessarily recognise such surfaces, and most importantly cells cannot migrate more than 500 microm from the surface. The lack of oxygen and nutrient supply governs this depth. Solid freeform fabrication (SFF) uses layer-manufacturing strategies to create physical objects directly from computer-generated models. It can improve current scaffold design by controlling scaffold parameters such as pore size, porosity and pore distribution, as well as incorporating an artificial vascular system, thereby increasing the mass transport of oxygen and nutrients into the interior of the scaffold and supporting cellular growth in that region. Several SFF systems have produced tissue engineering scaffolds with this concept in mind which will be the main focus of this review. We are developing scaffolds from collagen and with an internal vascular architecture using SFF. Collagen has major advantages as it provides a favourable surface for cellular attachment. The vascular system allows for the supply of nutrients and oxygen throughout the scaffold. The future of tissue engineering scaffolds is intertwined with SFF technologies.
Subfields: Automotive Engineering, Biomedical Engineering
View Paper: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/e63023570f658487ee79614b3ffc52b824463f3c
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Citations in the corpus
- An Introduction to 3D Bioprinting: Possibilities, Challenges and Future Aspects (2018, background): “Designs can be made to tch exact defect geometri s, improving the union betw en implant and native tissue, thereby enhancing tissue integration [14].”
- Biodegradable Materials for Bone Repair and Tissue Engineering Applications (2015, neutral): “, porosity and surface area) [67,220,298,415,416].”
- New Developments of Ti-Based Alloys for Biomedical Applications (2014, background): “A key requirement for RP technologies is tight control over the scaffolds’ pore structure, including pore size, shape, volume and interconnectivity [329].”
- Bone Regeneration Based on Tissue Engineering Conceptions — A 21st Century Perspective (2013, neutral): “In addition, many of these techniques require the application of organic solvents and their residues can impose severe adverse effects on cells due to their potentially toxic and/or carcinogenic nature, reducing the biocompatibility of the scaffold significantly (165).”
- Scaffold-based tissue engineering: rationale for computer-aided design and solid free-form fabrication systems. (2004, background): “Today, SFF is viewed as an efficient way of reproducibly generating scaffolds of desired properties on a large scale [4, 7 ,8] .I n”
- A review of rapid prototyping techniques for tissue engineering purposes (2008, methodology): “The presence of organic solvent residues is a significant problem of conventional fabrication methods due to toxins and carcinogens to which cells are exposed if residual solvent exists (3).”
- Recent advances in 2D and 3D in vitro systems using primary hepatocytes, alternative hepatocyte sources and non-parenchymal liver cells and their use in investigating mechanisms of hepatotoxicity, cell signaling and ADME (2013, positive): “The technique involves in vitro seeding of hepatocytes into the 3D scaffolds where the cells proliferate, migrate and differentiate into the hepatic tissue (Sachlos and Czernuszka 2003).”
- Three-Dimensional Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering Applications: Role of Porosity and Pore Size (2013, positive): “48 This method was first used by Whang et al. to fabricate PLGA scaffolds.”