3D-HST+CANDELS: THE EVOLUTION OF THE GALAXY SIZE–MASS DISTRIBUTION SINCE z = 3

By A. van der Wel, M. Franx, P. V. van Dokkum, R. Skelton, Ivelina G. Momcheva, K. Whitaker, G. Brammer, Eric F. Bell, Hans-Walter Rix, S. Wuyts and 20 more. 2014

688 citations recorded by the source corpus.

Spectroscopic+photometric redshifts, stellar mass estimates, and rest-frame colors from the 3D-HST survey are combined with structural parameter measurements from CANDELS imaging to determine the galaxy size–mass distribution over the redshift range 0 < z < 3. Separating early- and late-type galaxies on the basis of star-formation activity, we confirm that early-type galaxies are on average smaller than late-type galaxies at all redshifts, and we find a significantly different rate of average size evolution at fixed galaxy mass, with fast evolution for the early-type population, Reff∝(1 + z)−1.48, and moderate evolution for the late-type population, Reff∝(1 + z)−0.75. The large sample size and dynamic range in both galaxy mass and redshift, in combination with the high fidelity of our measurements due to the extensive use of spectroscopic data, not only fortify previous results but also enable us to probe beyond simple average galaxy size measurements. At all redshifts the slope of the size–mass relation is shallow, , for late-type galaxies with stellar mass >3 × 109 M☉, and steep, , for early-type galaxies with stellar mass >2 × 1010 M☉. The intrinsic scatter is ≲0.2 dex for all galaxy types and redshifts. For late-type galaxies, the logarithmic size distribution is not symmetric but is skewed toward small sizes: at all redshifts and masses, a tail of small late-type galaxies exists that overlaps in size with the early-type galaxy population. The number density of massive (∼1011 M☉), compact (Reff < 2 kpc) early-type galaxies increases from z = 3 to z = 1.5–2 and then strongly decreases at later cosmic times.

Subfields: Astronomy and Astrophysics, Instrumentation

View Paper: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/e55f36e7514a21bbebb3c241503ad009f0f2d789

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In Astronomy and Astrophysics

1. L. Hernquist
2. P. Hopkins
3. R. Dav'e
4. R. Somerville
5. A. Dekel
6. Volker Springel
7. C. Conroy
8. P. V. van Dokkum

In Instrumentation

1. L. Hernquist
2. P. Hopkins
3. C. Conroy
4. R. Dav'e
5. A. Dekel
6. P. V. van Dokkum
7. R. Somerville
8. Volker Springel

Citations in the corpus

• THE KMOS3D SURVEY: DESIGN, FIRST RESULTS, AND THE EVOLUTION OF GALAXY KINEMATICS FROM 0.7 ⩽ z ⩽ 2.7 (2014, background): “4) and galaxies are often more compact (van der Wel et al. 2014a).”
• The size evolution of star-forming and quenched galaxies in the IllustrisTNG simulation (2017, methodology): “(ii) Bernardi et al. (2014) and van der Wel et al. (2014) perform two-dimensional fits to the whole galaxy image, while Shen et al. (2003) perform one-dimensional fits on azimuthally averaged annuli.”
• Size evolution of normal and compact galaxies in the EAGLE simulation (2015, methodology): “The evolution of the sizes of galaxies from the present day up to redshift 3 has been mapped for a broad range of galaxy masses and types using the Hubble Space Telescope with CANDELS imaging (Bezanson et al. 2009; Patel et al. 2013; van Dokkum et al. 2014; van der Wel et al. 2014, hereafter VDW14).”
• FORMING COMPACT MASSIVE GALAXIES (2015, methodology): “At the lowest redshifts the number density of compact quiescent galaxies decreases (as was also found by Taylor et al. 2010b, van der Wel et al. 2014b, and van Dokkum et al. 2014, among others), while the number density ofall massive quiescent galaxies rises steeply (dashed red curve).”
• Physical Models of Galaxy Formation in a Cosmological Framework (2014, background): “…for disks (Trujillo et al. 2006, van der Wel et al. 2014); 3) the size distribution at fixed mass is narrower for spheroids than for disks (van der Wel et al. 2014) 4) the evolution of the Tully-Fisher and Faber-Jackson relation has been relatively mild (Cappellari et al. 2009, Cenarro &…”
• The SINS/zC-SINF Survey of z ∼ 2 Galaxy Kinematics: SINFONI Adaptive Optics–assisted Data and Kiloparsec-scale Emission-line Properties (2018, methodology): “The reference SFG population is here taken from the CANDELS/3D-HST surveys (Grogin et al. 2011; Koekemoer et al. 2011; Skelton et al. 2014; Momcheva et al. 2016), which provide the largest sample with sizes measured in the near-IR from HST imaging (van der Wel et al. 2012, 2014b).”
• BULGE GROWTH AND QUENCHING SINCE z = 2.5 IN CANDELS/3D-HST (2014, background): “In common to all of these analyses, star-forming systems are found to have significantly larger rest-optical sizes than their quiescent counterparts at the same mass and redshift (e.g., Toft et al. 2009; van der Wel et al. 2014).”
• The MUSE 3D view of the Hubble Deep Field South (2014, background): “…the formation and evolution of the Hubble sequence (e.g. Mortlock et al. 2013; Lee et al. 2013), the change in galaxy sizes with time (e.g. van der Wel et al. 2014; Carollo et al. 2013), and the evolution of the stellar mass function with redshift (e.g. Muzzin et al. 2013; Ilbert et al. 2013).”
• COMBINED CO AND DUST SCALING RELATIONS OF DEPLETION TIME AND MOLECULAR GAS FRACTIONS WITH COSMIC TIME, SPECIFIC STAR-FORMATION RATE, AND STELLAR MASS (2014, background): “In a recent evaluation of star forming disk sizes in CANDELS/3D HST between z=0 and 3 van der Wel et al. (2014) find empirically β= -0.75 (±0.05), which is smaller than β= -0.83 but comes close to it.”
• Theoretical Challenges in Galaxy Formation (2016, background): “In general the size evolution of spiral systems is, however, significantly less rapid than for early-type galaxies (van der Wel et al. 2014).”
• GOODS-ALMA: 1.1 mm galaxy survey (2018, background): “…stellar masses (> 1011 M ), their SFRs (> 103 M yr−1) and their redshifts (z ∼2), these very compact galaxies are ideal candidate progenitors of compact quiescent galaxies at z∼2 (Barro et al. 2013; Williams et al. 2014; van der Wel et al. 2014; Kocevski et al. 2017, see also Elbaz et al. 2017).”
• CO excitation of normal star forming galaxies out to $z=1.5$ as regulated by the properties of their interstellar medium (2014, background): “At the same time the gas densities might be changing, given the higher gas fractions and possibly decreasing galaxy sizes towards higher redshifts (e.g., van der Wel et al. 2014).”
• MORPHOLOGIES OF ∼190,000 GALAXIES AT z = 0–10 REVEALED WITH HST LEGACY DATA. I. SIZE EVOLUTION (2015, methodology): “(4) van der Wel et al. (2014) have already examined the re evolution at 5000 Å in the rest-frame for galaxies at 0 . z .”
• The formation of massive, compact galaxies at z = 2 in the Illustris simulation (2014, background): “E-mail: swellons@cfa.harvard.edu † Hubble Fellow et al. 2008; Franx et al. 2008; van der Wel et al. 2008, 2014; van Dokkum et al. 2008; Cassata et al. 2011; Damjanov et al. 2011; Szomoru et al. 2011; Bell et al. 2012).”
• THE 3D-HST SURVEY: HUBBLE SPACE TELESCOPE WFC3/G141 GRISM SPECTRA, REDSHIFTS, AND EMISSION LINE MEASUREMENTS FOR ∼100,000 GALAXIES (2015, methodology): “Step 9 is described in van der Wel et al. (2014), who measured the structural parameters of objects in the J125 and H160 WFC3 bands.”
• Structure and Kinematics of Early-Type Galaxies from Integral Field Spectroscopy (2016, background): “The largest and most homogeneous study is currently the analysis of the CANDLES survey with extensive multi-band HST data (Grogin et al. 2011; Koekemoer et al. 2011) by van der Wel et al. (2014), reproduced in Figure 27.”
• First results from the TNG50 simulation: the evolution of stellar and gaseous discs across cosmic time (2019, methodology): “Specifically, the dashed and solid thick shaded curves represent the results by Zhang et al. 2018 and van der Wel et al. 2014b based on the same CANDELS data (but at the lowest redshifts, where the latter use SDSS data).”
• THE MOSDEF SURVEY: ELECTRON DENSITY AND IONIZATION PARAMETER AT z ∼ 2.3 (2015, background): “The ISM is almost certainly different in z ∼ 2 galaxies, considering the high gas fractions (Tacconi et al. 2013) and compact sizes (van der Wel et al. 2014), combined with high rates of star formation (Shivaei et al. 2015), significant feedback driving outflows (Shapley et al. 2003; Steidel et al.…”
• The Auriga Project: the properties and formation mechanisms of disc galaxies across cosmic time (2016, methodology): “We note that all of the Auriga galaxies qualify as late-type galaxies according to the criteria followed in van der Wel et al. (2014).”