The Dynamics of Mountain-Wave-Induced Rotors

By J. Doyle, Dale R. Durran. 2002

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Inversion effects on mountain lee waves (2004, background): “As discussed by Doyle and Durran (2002), it is well known that the boundary layer will separate from the lee-slope of an obstacle when a positive (adverse) pressure gradient exists that is sufficiently large to cause flow reversal near the surface.”
An overview of the past, present and future of gravity‐wave drag parametrization for numerical climate and weather prediction models (2003, background): “…suggest it reduces mountain wave amplitudes and breaking aloft (Section 7d) and is critical for the realistic formation of downslope windstorms and rotor flows (e.g., Richard et al., 1989; Ólafsson and Bougeault, 1997; Leutbecher and Volkert, 2000; Doyle et al., 2000; Doyle and Durran, 2002).”
An Investigation of Turbulence Generation Mechanisms above Deep Convection (2003, background): “Such turbulence has a variety of sources including wind shear–induced Kelvin–Helmholtz instabilities (e.g., Sekioka 1970; Werne and Fritts 1999), mountain-wave breaking (e.g., Clark et al. 2000), and mountain-wave rotors (e.g., Doyle and Durran 2002).”