Entrepreneurs Operating in the Informal Economy: Necessity or Opportunity Driven?

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Beyond necessity versus opportunity entrepreneurship: some lessons from English deprived urban neighbourhoods (2011, unknown): “…one hand, they have focused on entrepreneurship in transition economies such as East-Central Europe (Aidis et al. 2006; Smallbone and Welter 2004; Williams 2007a, b; Williams et al. 2006, 2009; Williams and Round 2009) and on the other hand, on entrepreneurs operating in the off-the-books…”
Entrepreneurship and the Informal Sector (2009, background): “Recently, however, this has begun to change as it has been increasingly recognized that it is important to understand the lived practices of entrepreneurs better (Small Business Council, 2004; Williams, 2006, 2007a,b,c, 2008).”
Macro-level determinants of formal entrepreneurship versus informal entrepreneurship (2014, unknown): “Given that necessity entrepreneurship often takes place in the informal sector (Williams, 2007), we expect resources and abilities to discourage entrepreneurship in the informal sector.”