Pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus.

By Ralph DeFronzo. The Medical clinics of North America, 2004

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Mechanisms of obesity-associated insulin resistance: many choices on the menu. (2007, background): “However, since insulin resistance is evident before the development of chronic (fasting) hyperglycemia, it is unlikely that insulin resistance at the prediabetic stage results from oxidative stress triggered by hyperglycemia per se (Reaven and Chen 1996; DeFronzo 2004).”
Insulin resistance, lipotoxicity, type 2 diabetes and atherosclerosis: the missing links. The Claude Bernard Lecture 2009 (2010, background): “Insulin receptor defects in type 2 diabetes Some studies [44, 78, 99] have demonstrated decreased insulin binding to monocytes and adipocytes in type 2 diabetic patients.”
Pathophysiology of diabetes: An overview (2020, background): “This type of diabetes is characterized by two main insulin-related anomalies: insulin resistance and β-cell dysfunction.[27-29] Insulin resistance results from disruption of various cellular pathways, which lead to a decreased response, or sensitivity of cells in the peripheral tissues, in particula”
The Role of Inflammation in Diabetes: Current Concepts and Future Perspectives (2018, background): “Liver and muscles have long been recognised as major contributors of systemic insulin resistance.(64) Fat accumulation in the liver (steatosis) precedes overt T2D, is commonly associated with obesity and is considered a major determinant of the reduced hepatic insulin sensitivity resulting in fastin”