Magnetosphere‐Ionosphere Interactions: A Tutorial Review

By S. Cowley. 2013

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Overview of Solar Wind–Magnetosphere–Ionosphere–Atmosphere Coupling and the Generation of Magnetospheric Currents (2017, methodology): “Cowley (2000) outlined the basic physical processes that give rise to current systems within the terrestrial solar wind–magnetosphere coupled system, while Baumjohann et al. (2010) reviewed the formation of currents throughout the solar system.”
Birkeland current system key parameters derived from Iridium observations: Method and initial validation results (2002, background): “[2] Since the signatures of the Birkeland field-aligned currents (FACs) were first detected [Zmuda et al., 1966] and interpreted [Cummings and Dessler, 1967], it has been recognized that they couple stresses between the magnetosphere and ionosphere [Cowley, 2000].”