Multiple ornaments correlate with aspects of condition and behaviour in female northern cardinals, Cardinalis cardinalis

By Jodie M. Jawor, N. Gray, S. M. Beall, R. Breitwisch. 2004

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Complex signal function: developing a framework of testable hypotheses (2004, background): “For example, in northern cardinals, Cardinalis cardinalis, body size and body condition show high correlations with both the red-orange bill color of females as well as the redness of the feathers under their wings, suggesting that both signals convey the same information (Jawor et al. 2004).”
Assortative mating by multiple ornaments in northern cardinals (Cardinalis cardinalis) (2003, background): “The multiple ornaments of male cardinals are indicative of several aspects of individual quality (Jawor, 2002; Jawor et al., 2003).”
Female-specific color is a signal of quality in the striped plateau lizard (Sceloporus virgatus) (2006, background): “Additionally, female ornamentation has been found to correlate positively with measures of reproductive output in birds (Jawor et al. 2004; Griggio et al. 2005) and baboons (Domb and Pagel 2001), as well as the ability to tolerate reproductive costs (Hanssen et al. 2006).”
Pleiotropy in the melanocortin system, coloration and behavioural syndromes. (2008, unknown): “0 House sparrow (Passer domesticus)[7,65,79-84] 0 Pied flycatcher (Ficedula hypoleuca)[77,85,86] 0 Great tit (Parus major)[23] 0 Common yellowthroat (Geothlypis frichas)[2,20] 0 Siskin (Carduelis spinus)[58] 0 American goldfinch (Carduelis tristis)[87] 0 Northern cardinal (Cardinalis cardinalis)[34]”