Temperature-mediated outbreak dynamics of the invasive bryozoan Membranipora membranacea in Nova Scotian kelp beds

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EFFECTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON GLOBAL SEAWEED COMMUNITIES (2012, background): “Predicting true individual-level responses to climate change in seaweeds is challenging owing to the numerous life history stages and transitions upon which environmental change can act (Schiel and Foster 2006).”
Global patterns of kelp forest change over the past half-century (2016, background): “Kelp forest declines have now been documented in many regions in response to a variety of stressors (18, 31–35), but kelp abundances have been stable or increasing in other areas (17, 36, 37).”
Seasonal Patterns of Sporophyte Growth, Fertility, Fouling, and Mortality of Saccharina latissima in Skagerrak, Norway: Implications for Forest Recovery (2011, background): “High mortality of kelp after heavy epiphytism has been reported from the northeastern coast of America [2, 10, 30].”
Production and fate of kelp detritus (2012, unknown): “…in its native (Europe) and invaded range (east and west coasts of North America) causes quantifiable reductions in blade strength (Krumhansl et al. 2011), resulting in widespread defoliation of kelp beds during periods of high wave action (Scheibling et al. 1999, Scheibling & Gagnon 2009).”