Offshore macroalgae biomass for bioenergy production: Environmental aspects, technological achievements and challenges

By Francois Fernand, Á. Israel, Jo Skjermo, Thomas Wichard, K. Timmermans, A. Golberg. 2017

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Macroalgal biorefinery concepts for the circular bioeconomy: A review on biotechnological developments and future perspectives (2021, background): “Although interest in macroalgae for bioenergy started to develop in the 1970s, primarily as a potential source of biofuel [95], a surge in funded research projects related to macroalgal biofuels was seen from 2010 onwards, including a number of pilot projects that focussed on the technical aspects o”
Seaweed production: overview of the global state of exploitation, farming and emerging research activity (2017, background): “, 2017), and bioenergy as a low value but very high volume application (Korzen et al., 2015; Fernand et al., 2016).”
The future of food from the sea (2019, background): “Additional life cycle assessments will be needed to understand the global warming potential of cultivating seaweed for different end-uses, as well as other environmental impacts—such as ecosystem and human toxicity (Roesijadi et al. 2010; Fernand et al. 2017).”