The Bulk of the Cosmic Infrared Background Resolved by ISOCAM

By D. Elbaz, C. Cesarsky, P. Chanial, H. Aussel, A. Franceschini, D. Fadda, R. Chary. 2002

312 citations recorded by the source corpus.

Deep extragalactic surveys with ISOCAM revealed the presence of a large density of faint mid-infrared (MIR) sources. We have computed the 15m integrated galaxy light produced by these galaxies above a sensitivity limit of 50 Jy. It sets a lower limit to the 15m extragalactic background light of (2:4 0:5) nW m 2 sr 1 .T he redshift distribution of the ISOCAM galaxies is inferred from the spectroscopically complete sample of galaxies in the Hubble Deep Field North (HDFN). It peaks around z 0.8 in agreement with studies in other elds. The rest-frame 15m and bolometric infrared (8{1000m) luminosities of ISOCAM galaxies are computed using the correlations that we establish between the 6.75, 12, 15m and infrared (IR) luminosities of local galaxies. The resulting IR luminosities were double-checked using radio (1.4 GHz) flux densities from the ultra-deep VLA and WSRT surveys of the HDFN on a sample of 24 galaxies as well as on a sample of 109 local galaxies in common between ISOCAM and the NRAO VLA Sky Survey (NVSS). This comparison shows for the rst time that MIR and radio luminosities correlate up to z 1. This result validates the bolometric IR luminosities derived from MIR luminosities unless both the radio-far infrared (FIR) and the MIR-FIR correlations become invalid around z 1. The fraction of IR light produced by active nuclei was computed from the cross-correlation with the deepest X-ray surveys from the Chandra and XMM-Newton observatories in the HDFN and Lockman Hole respectively. We nd that at most 20% of the 15m integrated galaxy light is due to active galactic nuclei (AGNs) unless a large population of AGNs was missed by Chandra and XMM-Newton. About 75% of the ISOCAM galaxies are found to belong to the class of luminous infrared galaxies (LIR 10 11 L). They exhibit star formation rates of the order of100 M yr 1 . The comoving density of infrared light due to these luminous IR galaxies was more than 40 times larger at z 1 than today. The contribution of ISOCAM galaxies to the peak of the cosmic infrared background (CIRB) at 140m was computed from the MIR-FIR correlations for star forming galaxies and from the spectral energy distribution of the Seyfert 2, NGC 1068, for AGNs. We nd that the galaxies unveiled by ISOCAM surveys are responsible for the bulk of the CIRB, i.e. (16 5) nW m 2 sr 1 as compared to the (25 7) nW m 2 sr 1 measured with the COBE satellite, with less than 10% due to AGNs. Since the CIRB contains most of the light radiated over the history of star formation in the universe, this means that a large fraction of present-day stars must have formed during a dusty starburst event similar to those revealed by ISOCAM.

Subfields: Astronomy and Astrophysics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics

View Paper: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/e074543f77fb9745ae72425f2da00e738c3b2e69

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In Astronomy and Astrophysics

1. L. Hernquist
2. P. Hopkins
3. D. M. Alexander
4. P. V. van Dokkum
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In Nuclear and High Energy Physics

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8. S. Chapman

Citations in the corpus

• The 0.4 < z < 1.3 star formation history of the Universe as viewed in the far-infrared (2009, background): “There are good reasons to believe that this is indeed the case, such as the consistency between the total IR luminosity derived from the observed mid-IR and radio flux densities of galaxies (Elbaz et al. 2002, Appleton et al. 2005, Marcillac et al. 2006).”
• Deep Spitzer 24 μm COSMOS Imaging. I. The Evolution of Luminous Dusty Galaxies—Confronting the Models (2009, background): “This result has already been infered from previously-published studies (e.g., Elbaz et al. 2002; Dole et al. 2006) but our data provide for the first time a large enough statistics to explore with good accuracy the build-up of the mid-IR background as a function of cosmic time.”
• Did most present-day spirals form during the last 8 Gyr? - A formation history with violent episodes revealed by panchromatic observations (2004, methodology): “It has been shown (Elbaz et al. 2002) that the mid-IR and radio luminosities correlate well up to z = 1.”
• The Infrared Luminosity Function of Galaxies at Redshifts z = 1 and z ~ 2 in the GOODS Fields (2007, methodology): “…criterion; 2) the different ν Lν-L IR bol. conversions: as we have seen in Section 6.1.2, the most drastic differences between the empirical Spitzer-based conversion we use in this work and that derived from the Chary & Elbaz (2001) and Elbaz et al. (2002) templates occur at luminosities LIRbol.”
• Are the hosts of gamma-ray bursts sub-luminous and blue galaxies? (2003, background): “The ISO starbursts have been shown to resolve ∼50% of the total energy produced by the Cosmic Infrared Background (CIRB, Elbaz et al. 2002).”
• GALAXY-WIDE SHOCKS IN LATE-MERGER STAGE LUMINOUS INFRARED GALAXIES (2011, background): “Although rare locally, IR-luminous galaxies and the merger activity associated with this class of systems become increasingly important at high redshift, contributing (Elbaz et al. 2002; Le Floc’h etal.”
• Modelling infrared galaxy evolution using a phenomenological approach (2002, background): “We are also in good agreement with the lower limit derived from 15-µm counts (Elbaz et al. 2002), combined with the upper limit deduced from high-energy γ -ray emission of the active galactic nucleus Mrk 501 (Renault et al. 2001).”
• Cosmic X-ray surveys of distant active galaxies (2015, background): “…≈ 5–10% (even before subtracting contributions from star formation to the infrared emission from the X-ray AGN host galaxies), with the majority of the CIRB produced by star formation (e.g., Elbaz et al 2002; Fadda et al 2002; Silva et al 2004; Treister and Urry 2006; Ballantyne and Papovich 2007).”
• Vigorous Star Formation with Low Efficiency in Massive Disk Galaxies at z = 1.5 (2007, background): “INTRODUCTION Galaxies in the distant Universe were forming stars with much higher rates than today (Madau et al 1996; Elbaz et al 2002; Le Floc’h et al. 2005).”
• Toward an Understanding of the Rapid Decline of the Cosmic Star Formation Rate (2005, background): “Through detailed modeling and analysis of these observations, it is clear that highly luminous IR galaxies were much more common at z 1 than they are today (e.g., Flores et al. 1999; Elbaz et al. 2002; Mann et al. 2002; Pozzi et al. 2004).”
• MID-INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY OF SUBMILLIMETER GALAXIES: EXTENDED STAR FORMATION IN MASSIVE HIGH-REDSHIFT GALAXIES (2009, background): “PAH Emission as a Star Formation Rate Indicator In the past, authors have explored the use of the midIR light as a measure of galaxy SFRs. Elbaz et al. (2002) claim that the flux measured in the 6.75µm ISO band is related to the total IR luminosity, which in the absence of an AGN is taken to be a go”
• DUST OBSCURATION AND METALLICITY AT HIGH REDSHIFT: NEW INFERENCES FROM UV, Hα, AND 8 μm OBSERVATIONS OF z ∼ 2 STAR-FORMING GALAXIES (2010, methodology): “Finally, the R06 calibration is derived based on the median L8 to LIR ratio of local galaxies in the Elbaz et al. (2002) sample.”
• Building the cosmic infrared background brick by brick with Herschel/PEP. ⋆ (2011, background): “15µm, Elbaz et al. (2002) estimated that the contribution of ISO 15 µm sources to the 140µm CIB was of the order of 65%, with a median redshift ofz = 0.6, and mostly emitted below z = 1.”
• Star Formation and Extinction in Redshift z~2 Galaxies: Inferences from Spitzer MIPS Observations (2006, methodology): “At any given Ks magnitude, the range in LIR spans an order of magnitude assuming our constant conversion and larger than an order of magnitude assuming the two–power-law conversion of Elbaz et al. (2002).”
• Ultraluminous Infrared Galaxies: QSOs in Formation? (2002, unknown): “The extragalactic far-IR/submillimeter background (Hauser & Dwek 2001, and references therein) appears to be dominated by luminous (above 1011.5 L ) galaxies at z 1 (e.g., Smail, Ivison, & Blain 1997; Hughes et al. 1998; Barger et al. 1998; Genzel & Cesarsky 2000; Elbaz et al. 2002).”
• The contribution of the first stars to the cosmic infrared background (2001, methodology): “The upper limit at 15 µm is our computation of the 2σ upper limit on the unexplained mid-IR background light, using the CIRB upper limits obtained by Renault et al. (2001) from gamma-ray observations, and the ISO/ISOCAM 15 µm galaxy counts reported by Elbaz et al. (2002).”
• Extragalactic optical-infrared background radiation, its time evolution and the cosmic photon-photon opacity (2008, background): “This evidence comes partly from the faint galaxy counts in the B-band (Ellis 1997), and even more from far-IR observations (e.g. Franceschini et al. 2001; Elbaz et al. 2002).”