Floral integration, phenotypic covariance structure and pollinator variation in bumblebee‐pollinated Helleborus foetidus

By Carlos M. Herrera, Xim Cerdá, María Begoña García, Javier Guitián, M. Medrano, Pedro J. Rey, A. M. Sánchez-Lafuente. 2002

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Phenotypic plasticity: linking molecular mechanisms with evolutionary outcomes (2002, background): “…groups of traits (e.g., within flowers) rather than between (e.g., between flowers and leaves) (Olson and Miller, 1959; Berg, 1960; Waitt and Levin, 1993; Cheverud, 1995; Conner and Sterling, 1995; Nicotra et al., 1997; Leamy et al., 1999; but see Armbruster et al., 1999; Herrera et al., 2002).”
Measuring Morphological Integration Using Eigenvalue Variance (2009, background): “Eigenvalue variance is frequently applied to measure phenotypic integration in wide range of fields (e.g., Herrera et al. 2002; Peres-Neto and Magnan 2004; Hallgrimsson et al. 2004; Young and Hallgrimsson 2005; Hallgrimsson et al. 2006; Parsons and Robinson 2006; Young 2006), and also indirectly to…”
Working Towards a Holistic View on Flower Traits— How Floral Scents Mediate Plant-Animal Interactions in Concert with Other Floral Characters (2015, background): “Instead of calculating selection gradients for each morphological trait individually, another line of research considers the overall architecture of flowers by relating different quantitative traits and testing for phenotypic integration.(102,103) It is useful to consider that flowers often have an ”