Pathogen recognition in the innate immune response.

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The Structural Biology of Toll-Like Receptors (2011, background): “In humans, ten TLRs respond to a variety of Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterns (PAMPs), including lipopolysaccharide (TLR4), lipopeptides (TLR2 associated with TLR1 or TLR6), bacterial flagellin (TLR5), viral dsRNA (TLR3), viral or bacterial ssRNA (TLRs 7 and 8) and CpG-rich unmethylated DNA (TL”
PLGA-based nanoparticles: an overview of biomedical applications. (2012, background): “PRRs, such as Toll-like receptors (TLRs), nucleotide oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptors, scavenger receptors, retinoic-acid inducible gene-like receptors (RLR) and C-type lectin receptors (CLRs), recognize some conservative elements exclusively expressed on pathogens, known as pathogen-asso”
Pathogen Recognition by the Innate Immune System (2011, background): “The genomic DNA and hematin crystals of Trypanosoma and Plasmodium species, respectively, are sensed by TLR9 [2, 3, 6, 20].”
Fibroblast-like synoviocytes: key effector cells in rheumatoid arthritis (2010, background): “TLRs are conserved pattern recognition molecules that recognize preserved structures of various pathogens and trigger an immediate inflammatory response, activate antigen-presenting cells and enhance adaptive immune response (89).”