Asian Carps of the Genus Hypophthalmichthys (Pisces, Cyprinidae) ― A Biological Synopsis and Environmental Risk Assessment

By C. Kolar, D. Chapman, W. Courtenay, Christine M. Housel, James D. Williams, Dawn P. Jennings. 2005

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The fall of Native Fishes and the rise of Non-native Fishes in the Great Lakes Basin (2010, background): “Four species (Grass, Silver, Bighead, and Black carps), native to Asia, were introduced in the 1970s into land-based aquaculture in the southern United States for pest control and, subsequently, escaped into the wild (Mandrak and Cudmore, 2004; Kolar et al., 2005).”
Acoustical deterrence of Silver Carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) (2015, background): “Silver Carp (Hypothalmichthys molitrix) were introduced to aquaculture facilities in the southern region of the United States from eastern Asia in the 1970’s (Kolar et al. 2005).”
First direct confirmation of grass carp spawning in a Great Lakes tributary (2016, background): “Additionally, laboratory and field measurements have shown that Asian carp spawning success declines at temperatures below 18 °C, thus this temperature is considered to be theminimum thermal threshold for spawning (Kolar et al., 2005).”
Detection of Asian carp DNA as part of a Great Lakes basin-wide surveillance program (2013, background): “Since 1995, three bighead carp have been captured in Lake Erie (Morrison et al. 2004; Kolar et al. 2005), and in 2010 a bighead carp was captured in Lake Calumet, a part of the Chicago Area Waterway System (CAWS) that connects the Mississippi River to Lake Michigan.”