Xylem heterochrony: an unappreciated key to angiosperm origin and diversifications.

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Insular Woodiness on the Canary Islands: A Remarkable Case of Convergent Evolution (2013, background): “…and (3) the presence of specific wood features in these secondarily woody species (“paedomorphosis” sensu Carlquist 1962; “protracted juvenilism” sensu Carlquist 2009, 2012); molecular phylogenies have confirmed the evidence for an herbaceous ancestry adduced well before the molecular era…”
The Ecological Water-Use Strategies of Succulent Plants (2010, background): “188 R. M. OGBURN AND E. J. EDWARDS WATER-USE STRATEGIES OF SUCCULENTS 189 Succulent taxa frequently have somewhat mesomorphic wood, with low vessel density and relatively long, wide vessel elements with wide lateral pits (Carlquist, 2009; Gibson, 1973; Olson, 2005).”
How wood evolves: a new synthesis (2012, background): “…in woody angiosperms as a whole (Bailey 1944), but in Asteraceae, a wide span of the gamut from permanent juvenilism to accelerated adulthood is evident (Carlquist 2009b), perhaps because of the value of shorter vessel elements in xeric habitats and longer ones in wet habitats, as cited above.”