How wood evolves: a new synthesis

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Insular Woodiness on the Canary Islands: A Remarkable Case of Convergent Evolution (2013, background): “…are known to be shorter in species from dry environments (Carlquist 1966; Baas et al. 1983) or in small shrubs (Baas et al. 1984), and there might be a greater chance for air bubbles to be trapped more frequently near the vessel element tails when vessel elements are shorter (Carlquist 2012).”
Sap flow and sugar transport in plants (2016, unknown): “These include honeycomb, foamlike, and helical structures (Niklas, 1994; Karam, 2005; Tekoglu et al., 2011; Wegst, 2011; Carlquist, 2012; Gibson, 2012; Ali and Gibson, 2013).”
Quantifying plasticity in vessel grouping – added value from the image analysis tool ROXAS (2013, result): “…observed an evolutionary trend towards an increase of vessel grouping with increasing water limitation (Carlquist 1966; Lopez et al. 2005; Lens et al. 2011; Carlquist 2012), although some studies also found inconsistent patterns or no relationship (Baas & Carlquist 1985; Baas & Schweingruber 1987).”