Reduced postprandial concentrations of intact biologically active glucagon-like peptide 1 in type 2 diabetic patients.

By T. Vilsbøll, T. Krarup, C. Deacon, S. Madsbad, Jens J. Holst. Diabetes, 2001

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Incretin hormones: Their role in health and disease (2018, background): “Initial studies indicated a slightly increased secretion of GIP in type 2 diabetes at the population level(140) and a reduced GLP-1 response following mixed-meal stimulation.(21,141) Moreover, subjects with impaired glucose tolerance had an intermediate GLP-1 response.”
The Role of Incretins in Glucose Homeostasis and Diabetes Treatment (2008, background): “In addition, in T2DM, insulin secretion is typically reduced just after ingestion of glucose or a meal (this is called defective early-phase insulin secretion), but studies showing deficient GLP-1 secretion found reductions in secretion at 60 to 150 min, which is well after early-phase insulin secre”
Enhancing incretin action for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. (2003, background): “Both peptides are equipotent and exhibit identical plasma half-lives and biological activities acting through the same receptor (6,7); however, the majority ( 80%) of circulating active GLP-1 appears to be GLP-1(7-36)amide (8).”