GSK-3β Regulates Phosphorylation of CRMP-2 and Neuronal Polarity

By Takeshi Yoshimura, Y. Kawano, N. Arimura, S. Kawabata, A. Kikuchi, Kozo Kaibuchi. 2005

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The Growth Cone Cytoskeleton in Axon Outgrowth and Guidance (2011, background): “However, there have been no studies in mammalian neurons that show it is directly involved in growth cone turning, although it is known to be important for axon outgrowth and polarity (Quinn et al. 2003; Yoshimura et al. 2005).”
Pten regulates neuronal arborization and social interaction in mice. (2006, background): “Gsk3b was recently reported to be pivotal in controlling neuronal polarity in primary embryonic hippocampal neurons (Jiang et al., 2005; Yoshimura et al., 2005).”
LTP inhibits LTD in the hippocampus via regulation of GSK3beta. (2007, positive): “Recently, it has been shown that GSK3β is important for determining neuronal polarity during the development of hippocampal neurons (Jiang et al., 2005; Yoshimura et al., 2005).”
Neuronal polarity: from extracellular signals to intracellular mechanisms (2007, background): “As Akt localizes to the tips of the axons in hippocampal neurons, the phosphorylated, inactive GSK3β is also restricted at the tips of growing axons in cultured hippocampal neuron”
Rho GTPases: biochemistry and biology. (2005, background): “Localized inhibition of GSK3 is required in the presumptive axon, and this promotes the polarized localization of Par3 and two microtubule plus end–binding proteins, APC and CRMP-2 (Jiang et al. 2005, Shi et al. 2004, Yoshimura et al. 2005).”