A Study of the Mental Model of a Complex Dynamic System: The Effect of Display Aiding and Contextual System Training

By Kan Zhang, C. Wickens. 1987

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Explanation in Human-AI Systems: A Literature Meta-Review, Synopsis of Key Ideas and Publications, and Bibliography for Explainable AI (2019, background): “…2002; Wilkison, Fisk, and Rogers, 2007; Williams, Hollan, and Stevens, 1983; Wilson and Rutherford, 1989; Young, 2014; Zachary and Eggleston, 2002; Zhang and Wickens, 1987; Zovod, Rickert, and Brown, 2002 ) Especially pertinent to XAI are reports on attempts to elicit, represent and measure or…”
Metrics for Explainable AI: Challenges and Prospects (2018, background): “…assertion is supported by studies showing that diagrams can contribute significantly to the understanding of dynamic and complex systems (e.g., Clement, 2004; Glenberg and Langston, 1992; Heiser & Tversky, 2004; Johnson-Laird, 1983; Klein & Hoffman, 2008; Qin & Simon, 1992; Zhang & Wickens, 1987).”
Mental Models: Theory and Application in Human Factors (1989, background): “…did not explain a calculator's stack system; Kieras and Bovair (1984), who examined differences in device operation with either "by rote" or "device model" training; and Zhang and Wickens (1987), who gave subjects using a dynamic gas-mixing simulation different display aids and instructions.”