The End of Cheap Chinese Labor

By Hongbin Li, Lei Li, Binzhen Wu, Yanyan Xiong. 2012

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The China Shock: Learning from Labor Market Adjustment to Large Changes in Trade (2016, unknown): “The T ec hno l strength of China in manufacturing surely reﬂects its abundant supply of labor relative to the rest of the tit u e o the migration of 250 million workers from farms to cities—has made China the default location for all types of labor-intensive production (Li et al. 2012).”
Import Competition and the Great US Employment Sag of the 2000s (2015, unknown): “Sweeping economic reforms initiated in the 1980s and extended in the 1990s permitted China to experience rapid industrial productivity growth (Naughton, 2007; Hsieh and Ossa, 2011; Zhu, 2012), rural to urban migration flows in excess of 150 million workers (Li et al. 2012), and massive capital”
Scale-up Nation: China’s Specialization in Innovative Manufacturing (2014, background): “The Bureau of Labor Statistics estimates that in 2008, hourly manufacturing wages averaged USD 1.36 in China, compared to USD 32.26 in the United States (Bureau of Labor Statistics 2010; 2011).”