How do I Know what you Know? Patent Examiners and the Generation of Patent Citations

By Juan Alcácer, Michelle Gittelman. 2004

128 citations recorded by the source corpus.

Subfields: Economics and Econometrics, Management of Technology and Innovation, Management Science and Operations Research

View Paper: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/da25438592730a902b6a1ee7526b6c1ab02f634c

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Citations in the corpus

Brain drain or brain bank? The impact of skilled emigration on poor-country innovation (2008, background): “Yet the applicant does not supply all citations; some are added by the patent examiner (Alcacer and Gittelman, 2006; Hegde and Sampat, 2007).”
Learning from What Others Have Learned from You: The Effects of Knowledge Spillovers on Originating Firms (2010, unknown): “Examiners often add citations to applications (Alcacer & Gittelman, 2006), suggesting that applicants are not necessarily aware of all cited patents.”
Inventors and invention processes in Europe: Results from the PatVal-EU survey (2007, background): “…have shown that patent citations are a noisy measure of information flows (Almeida and Kogut, 1999; Singh, 2005), particularly because many citations are added not by applicants, but by the patent examiners or just to avoid infringements (e.g. Harhoff et al., 2006; Alcacer and Gittleman, 2006).”
Applicant and examiner citations in U.S. patents: An overview and analysis (2009, background): “For example, Alcacer and Gittelman (2006) assess whether pooling inventor and examiner citations gives unbiased estimates of knowledge flows, and Sampat and Hegde (2007) assess whether examiner- or applicant-forward citations accurately predict the private value of patents, as measured by applicant ”
Knowledge Maturity and the Scientific Value of Innovations (2017, background): “Although patent citations enable the tracking of knowledge flows among innovations, several citations are often added by examiners and thus may not reflect an actual knowledge flow (Alcacer & Gittelman, 2006).”
DEATH HURTS, BUT IT ISN'T FATAL: THE POSTEXIT DIFFUSION OF KNOWLEDGE CREATED BY INNOVATIVE COMPANIES. (2005, background): “…direct or indirect interaction with an innovative firm has been well established in the vast literatures on learning in alliances (Dyer & Singh, 1998; Gulati, 1998), social networks (Burt, 1992; Granovetter, 1985), and knowledge spillovers via geographical proximity (Alcácer & Gittelman, 2006).”
Open for innovation: the role of openness in explaining innovation performance among U.K. manufacturing firms (2006, background): “Moreover, many of the citations in patents are added by the Patent Office, rather than by the patentee, and in those cases the citations in patents itself says little about the importance of different sources of innovation (Alcacer and Gittelman, 2004).”
Collaborative Networks as Determinants of Knowledge Diffusion Patterns (2005, unknown): “Also, a firm’s lawyer or a patent examiner might add citations that the original inventor did not know about (Thompson 2004, Alcacer and Gittelman 2004). Nevertheless, recent studies comparing citation data with direct surveys of inventors show that the correlation between patent citations and actua”
Lighting the way or stealing the shine? An examination of the duality in star scientists' effects on firm innovative performance (2015, background): “Relying on patent information to define our key dependent and independent variables raises some traditional concerns, including the objections that not all patentable knowledge gets patented (Griliches, 1990) and that citations may not accurately reflect knowledge flows (Alcacer & Gittelman, 2006).”
How do spatial and social proximity influence knowledge flows? Evidence from patent data (2008, background): “Some citations are supplied by the applicant, others by the patent examiner (Alcacer and Gittelman, 2006; Hegde and Sampat, 2007), and some patents may be cited more frequently than others because they are more salient in terms of satisfying legal definitions of prior art rather than because they ha”