C-GOALS: Chandra observations of a complete sample of luminous infrared galaxies from the IRAS Revised Bright Galaxy Survey

By K. Iwasawa, D. Sanders, S. Teng, U. Vivian, Lee Armus, A. Evans, J. Howell, S. Komossa, J. Mazzarella, A. Petric and 4 more. 2011

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We present X-ray data for a complete sample of 44 luminous infrared galaxies (LIRGs), obtained with the Chandra X-ray Observatory. These are the X-ray observations of the high luminosity portion of the Great Observatory All-sky LIRG Survey (GOALS), which includes the most luminous infrared selected galaxies, log (L_(ir)/L_⊙) ≥ 11.73, in the local universe, z ≤ 0.088. X-rays were detected from 43 out of 44 objects, and their arcsec-resolution images, spectra, and radial brightness distributions are presented. With a selection by hard X-ray colour and the 6.4 keV iron line, AGN are found in 37% of the objects, with higher luminosity sources more likely to contain an AGN. These AGN also tend to be found in late-stage mergers. The AGN fraction would increase to 48% if objects with [Ne v]λ14.3 μm detection are included. Double AGN are clearly detected only in NGC 6240 among 24 double/triple systems. Other AGN are found either in single nucleus objects or in one of the double nuclei at similar rates. Objects without conventional X-ray signatures of AGN appear to be hard X-ray quiet, relative to the X-ray to far-IR correlation for starburst galaxies, as discussed elsewhere. Most objects also show extended soft X-ray emission, which is likely related to an outflow from the nuclear region, with a metal abundance pattern suggesting enrichment by core collapse supernovae, as expected for a starburst.

Subfields: Astronomy and Astrophysics, Instrumentation

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Citations in the corpus

THE MULTIPHASE STRUCTURE AND POWER SOURCES OF GALACTIC WINDS IN MAJOR MERGERS (2013, methodology): “However, there is no evidence for an AGN in either nucleus; X-ray imaging shows soft spectra in both nuclei (Iwasawa et al. 2011a), MIR spectra reveal no [Ne V] or [O IV] fine structure lines (Dudik et al. 2009), and compact radio emission is consistent with a nuclear starburst (Smith et al. 1998).”
Ionized gas outflows and global kinematics of low-z luminous star-forming galaxies (2014, background): “Recent X-ray studies (Iwasawa et al. 2011) suggest that 37% of the galaxies with logLIR > 11.7 L⊙ show evidence of an AGN with a minor (10”
GOODS–Herschel: an infrared main sequence for star-forming galaxies (2011, background): “Indeed, AGN are known to be ubiq- uitous in LIRGs (Iwasawa et al. 2011) and ULIRGs (Nardini et al.”
A Herschel/PACS Far-infrared Line Emission Survey of Local Luminous Infrared Galaxies (2017, methodology): “To date, there are many published works that have already exploited the science content of multiwavelength data obtained mostly from space-born facilities including GALEX UV (Howell et al. 2010), HST optical and near-IR imaging (Haan et al. 2011; Kim et al. 2013), along with Chandra X-ray (Iwasawa e”
What drives the growth of black holes (2011, background): “At higher LIR the fraction of the luminosity from the AGN increases, and the large masses of nuclear gas and dust ensure that much of the BH growth is observed to be heavily obscured (e.g., Tran et al., 2001; Yuan et al., 2010; Iwasawa et al., 2011; Petric et al., 2011b).”
SPECTRAL ENERGY DISTRIBUTIONS OF LOCAL LUMINOUS AND ULTRALUMINOUS INFRARED GALAXIES (2012, methodology): “…at the lower-luminosity end of our sample, this is slightly higher than the conservative estimate of 37% AGN fraction (or 48% if [Ne v] detection is taken into account) from an X-ray study of 44 GOALS (U)LIRGs at the high end of the LIR range (with median log(LIR/L⊙) = 11.99; Iwasawa et al. 2011).”
EXPLAINING THE [C ii]157.7 μm DEFICIT IN LUMINOUS INFRARED GALAXIES—FIRST RESULTS FROM A HERSCHEL/PACS STUDY OF THE GOALS SAMPLE (2013, methodology): “…this sample including, among others, Galex UV (Howell et al. 2010), HST optical and near-IR (Haan et al. 2011; Kim et al. 2013), and Chandra X-ray (Iwasawa et al. 2011) imaging, as well as Spitzer/IRS midIR spectroscopy (Dı́az-Santos et al. 2010b, 2011; Petric et al. 2011; Stierwalt et al.…”
MID-INFRARED PROPERTIES OF NEARBY LUMINOUS INFRARED GALAXIES. I. SPITZER INFRARED SPECTROGRAPH SPECTRA FOR THE GOALS SAMPLE (2013, methodology): “In addition, imaging in the near-IR/optical (Hubble Space Telescope NICMOS and ACS; Haan et al. 2011, Kim et al., in prep), the UV (Galaxy Evolution Explorer nearand far-UV; Howell et al. 2010), and the X-Ray (Chandra; Iwasawa et al. 2011) are available for large subsets of the sample.”
The subarcsecond mid-infrared view of local active galactic nuclei – II. The mid-infrared–X-ray correlation (2015, background): “Iwasawa et al. (2011) present Chandra data on this object showing a complex morphology with indication but no clear evidence of an AGN (see also discussion in Modica et al. 2012).”
BAT AGN Spectroscopic Survey. V. X-Ray Properties of the Swift/BAT 70-month AGN Catalog (2017, background): “…objects this feature could have one or several of the following origins: i) emission from a thermal plasma possibly related to star formation (e.g., Iwasawa et al. 2011); ii) radiative-recombination continuum created by gas photoionized by the AGN (e.g., Bianchi et al. 2006; Guainazzi & Bianchi…”