Comparative experimental study of ionic polymer–metal composites with different backbone ionomers and in various cation forms

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Ionic polymer–metal composites: III. Modeling and simulation as biomimetic sensors, actuators, transducers, and artificial muscles (2004, background): “Recently Nemat-Nasser and Wu (2003) have presented a discussion on the role of backbone ionic polymer and in particular sulfonic versus carboxylic ionic polymers, as well as the effect of different cations such as K+, Na+, Li+, Cs+, and some organometallic cations on the actuation and sensing…”
Artificial muscle technology: physical principles and naval prospects (2004, background): “After this immediate response, the pressure from the strained polymer matrix causes water to diffuse out of the cation-rich areas, resulting in a slow relaxation toward the cathode [80], [81].”
Performance Improvement of IPMC (Ionic Polymer Metal Composites) for a Flapping Actuator (2006, background): “Compared to the chemical deposition of the gold coating [3,15,16], the process of PVD is easier to handle and the time required for the coating is significantly reduced.”