Standardized Protocol Stack for the Internet of (Important) Things

By Maria Rita Palattella, Nicola Accettura, Xavier Vilajosana, Thomas Watteyne, Luigi Alfredo Grieco, Gennaro Boggia, Mischa Dohler. IEEE Communications Surveys and Tutorials, 2013

772 citations recorded by the source corpus.

We have witnessed the Fixed Internet emerging with virtually every computer being connected today; we are currently witnessing the emergence of the Mobile Internet with the exponential explosion of smart phones, tablets and net-books. However, both will be dwarfed by the anticipated emergence of the Internet of Things (IoT), in which everyday objects are able to connect to the Internet, tweet or be queried. Whilst the impact onto economies and societies around the world is undisputed, the technologies facilitating such a ubiquitous connectivity have struggled so far and only recently commenced to take shape. To this end, this paper introduces in a timely manner and for the first time the wireless communications stack the industry believes to meet the important criteria of power-efficiency, reliability and Internet connectivity. Industrial applications have been the early adopters of this stack, which has become the de-facto standard, thereby bootstrapping early IoT developments with already thousands of wireless nodes deployed. Corroborated throughout this paper and by emerging industry alliances, we believe that a standardized approach, using latest developments in the IEEE 802.15.4 and IETF working groups, is the only way forward. We introduce and relate key embodiments of the power-efficient IEEE 802.15.4-2006 PHY layer, the power-saving and reliable IEEE 802.15.4e MAC layer, the IETF 6LoWPAN adaptation layer enabling universal Internet connectivity, the IETF ROLL routing protocol enabling availability, and finally the IETF CoAP enabling seamless transport and support of Internet applications. The protocol stack proposed in the present work converges towards the standardized notations of the ISO/OSI and TCP/IP stacks. What thus seemed impossible some years back, i.e., building a clearly defined, standards-compliant and Internet-compliant stack given the extreme restrictions of IoT networks, is commencing to become reality.

Subfields: Computer Networks and Communications, Electrical and Electronic Engineering

View Paper: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/d7ac94e9b704ccd81fc92b0bca63e1cad5aa0e98

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Citations in the corpus

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A Survey on Application Layer Protocols for the Internet of Things (2015, methodology): “CoAP–HTTP Mapping enables CoAP clients to access resources on HTTP servers through a reverse proxy that translates the HTTP Status codes to the Response codes of CoAP [5].”
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Structural Health Monitoring Framework Based on Internet of Things: A Survey (2017, background): “…the power consumption of sensing devices IEEE 802.15.4-based network speciﬁcations rely on a large number of nodes, resource constraints (low bandwidth, power, processor, etc.) and small size of packet length (127 bytes max) while the maximum transmission unit of the IPv6 packet is 1280 bytes [22].”
Internet of Things: A Survey on Enabling Technologies, Protocols, and Applications (2015, background): “These headers are of four types which are identified by two bits [89]: (00) NO 6LoWPAN”
Recent Advances in Industrial Wireless Sensor Networks Toward Efficient Management in IoT (2015, background): “Motivated by the fact that the TCP/IP protocol is the de-facto standard for computer communications in today’s networked world, IP based solution could be the future for IoT networks [31], e.”
Wireless Network Design for Control Systems: A Survey (2017, background): “nce it is not necessary to accommodate waiting times and ACK frames. 5) 6LoWPAN: 6LoWPAN provides a compaction and fragmentation mechanism to efﬁciently transport IPv6 packets in IEEE 802.15.4 frames [109]. The IPv6 header is compressed by the removal of the ﬁelds that are not needed or always have ”
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Cognitive Internet of Things: A New Paradigm Beyond Connection (2014, background): “In the past couple of years, the IoT has gained significantly increasing attention from academia as well as industry, comprehensive surveys can be found in [3]–[5].”
A Survey on Internet of Things: Security and Privacy Issues (2014, methodology): “From the transport layer and an application perspective, the introduction of the IETF CoAP protocol family has been instrumental in ensuring that application layers and applications themselves do not need to be re-engineered to run over low-power embedded networks [3].”
A Survey on Emerging SDN and NFV Security Mechanisms for IoT Systems (2019, background): “The desire to provide global interconnectivity for each object has boosted notable efforts of IETF community to design and develop an IPv6-based protocol for IoT nodes [39].”
Cognitive Machine-to-Machine Communications for Internet-of-Things: A Protocol Stack Perspective (2015, neutral): “M2M communications include the following [10].”
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