Twenty Years of Rail Crowding Valuation Studies: Evidence and Lessons from British Experience

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Crowding in public transport: Who cares and why? (2017, unknown): “Signiﬁcant welfare costs of crowded PT are also found empirically using both survey data on stated preferences (SP) (Wardman and Whelan, 2011; Haywood and Koning, 2015) and revealed preferences (RP) (Batarce et al., 2015; Tirachini et al., 2016).”
Crowding in public transport systems: Effects on users, operation and implications for the estimation of demand (2013, methodology): “Moreover, Wardman and Whelan (2011) review a number of rail crowding valuation studies in Britain, and find that the crowding effect is usually activated from load factors between 60% and 90% onwards (although even lower load factors may be a source of crowding for leisure travellers), a result that”
Crowding valuation in urban tram and bus transportation based on smart card data (2018, methodology): “In line with Wardman and Whelan (2011), we use the standing density per m2 instead of the occupancy rate if l > κ , in order to account for different vehicle layouts.”
Does crowding affect the path choice of metro passengers (2015, background): “The improvement of log-likelihood was, however, marginal, namely 0.12% consistently with (Wardman and Whelan, 2011; Whelan and Crockett, 2009).”