Sea urchin barrens as alternative stable states of collapsed kelp ecosystems

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Global patterns of kelp forest change over the past half-century (2016, background): “Regional variation in the trajectories of kelp change was also influenced by the underlying frequency of sea urchin-driven phase shifts that characterize many kelp forest ecosystems (28, 30).”
Decline and local extinction of Fucales in French Riviera: the harbinger of future extinctions? (2014, unknown): “…states, in the worst case to barren grounds composed of filamentous and encrusting species (Micheli et al., 2005; Connell et al., 2008; Perkol-Finkel & Airoldi, 2010; Sala et al., 2012; Filbee-Dexter & Scheibling, 2014), with flow-on effects on adjacent communities (Bishop et al., 2010).”
The role of kelp species as biogenic habitat formers in coastal marine ecosystems (2017, background): “…loss of biogenic 752 habitat from temperate ecosystems, in extreme cases causing phase-shifts from structurally complex 753 habitat to depauperate “barrens” (Breen and Mann, 1976b; Filbee-Dexter and Scheibling, 2014; 754 Hagan, 1983; Johnson et al., 2011; Ling et al., 2015; Steneck et al., 2002).”
Global regime shift dynamics of catastrophic sea urchin overgrazing (2015, background): “While sea urchin grazing dynamics are evidently catastrophic in nature, with macroalgal beds and urchin barrens representing the alternative stable states of rocky reef ecosystems (see also [3]), there is high variability across different urchin-grazing systems, particularly with respect to the rang”