THE ROLE OF HERBIVORES IN THE MAINTENANCE OF A FLOWER COLOR POLYMORPHISM IN WILD RADISH

By Rebecca E. Irwin, S. Strauss, Shonna R. Storz, A. Emerson, Genevieve Guibert. 2003

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Evolutionary Transitions in Floral Color (2008, background): “…of authors have suggested that flower color evolution may often be influenced by selection on these pleiotropic effects rather than, or in addition to, selection imposed by pollinators (Rausher and Fry 1993; Simms and Bucher 1996; Fineblum and Rausher 1997; Armbruster 2002; Irwin et al. 2003).”
Optimal defence theory and flower petal colour predict variation in the secondary chemistry of wild radish (2004, background): “For example, herbivores have been shown to discriminate among petal colour morphs in some species (Simms & Bucher 1996; Irwin et al . 2003 ).”
HERITABILITY OF NECTAR TRAITS: WHY DO WE KNOW SO LITTLE? (2004, background): “How- ever, experience with other traits (such as petal color; e.g., Glover and Martin 1998, Clegg and Durbin 2000, Irwin et al. 2003; see also Tyner et al. 2002) indicates that the effects of specific genes on labile physiological traits such as nectar will not be simple.”
ATTRACTING ANTAGONISTS: DOES FLORAL NECTAR INCREASE LEAF HERBIVORY? (2004, unknown): “Preferences of a diversity of herbivores (Irwin et al. 2003) and pollinators (Stanton et al. 1989) also vary with color morphs of Raphanus raphanistrum.”