Collective guilt: what it is and what it is not

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Collective Guilt as Distress over Illegitimate Intergroup Inequality (2006, methodology): “Collective guilt Collective guilt was assessed with the same four items ( = .62) used in Study 1, and previously validated by Branscombe et al. (2004).”
Emotion in inter-group relations (2008, background): “And, across several studies of various high-status in-groups in the US and Canada, Branscombe et al. (2004) found little association between in-group identification and general feelings of guilt about inequality or discrimination.”
How Perspective-Taking Helps and Hinders Group-Based Guilt as a Function of Group Identification (2009, methodology): “Group-based guilt To measure group-based guilt, participants indicated their agreement with two items from scales used by Branscombe, Slugoski, and Kappen (2004) and Doosje et al. (1998) (‘I feel guilty about the negative things Dutch people have done to [harmed outgroup]’, ‘I can easily feel…”
Collective guilt: Emotional reactions when one's group has done wrong or been wronged (2006, background): “…and colleagues (1998) found that collective guilt predicted support for specific reparations for the harmed group, and others have found that collective guilt predicts support for affirmative action for the historically harmed group (Branscombe et al., 2004; Iyer et al., 2003; Swim & Miller, 1999).”