Aircraft observations of the upper tropospheric fine particle aerosol in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres at midlatitudes

By A. Minikin, Andreas Petzold, J. Ström, Radovan Krejci, M. Seifert, P. van Velthoven, H. Schlager, Ulrich Schumann. 2003

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ML-CIRRUS : The airborne experiment on natural cirrus and contrail cirrus with the high-altitude long-range research aircraft HALO (2017, background): “Further, two aerosol spectrometers (Minikin et al. 2003) and a microwave temperature profiler were mounted in wing stations.”
Freezing thresholds and cirrus cloud formation mechanisms inferred from in situ measurements of relative humidity (2003, background): “Phys., 3, 1791–1806, 2003 www.atmos-chem-phys.org/acp/3/1791/ distributions and increasing the minimum number density of aerosol particles assumed to always be present from 1 to 10 cm−3, in better accordance with observations (Minikin et al., 2003).”
A parameterization of cirrus cloud formation: Heterogeneous freezing (2003, background): “As the mean age of upper tropospheric aerosols is rather large, especially in the Southern Hemisphere, where anthropogenic sources are often absent [Clarke and Kapustin, 2002; Minikin et al., 2003], one may expect most aerosol particles to be internally mixed.”
Ice supersaturations and cirrus cloud crystal numbers (2008, methodology): “Here, we assume only homogeneous nucleation with nucle- ation rates parameterized according toK op et al. (2000) and a background concentration of sulphuric acid aerosol of Na = 300 cm−3, which is typical of upper tropospheric conditions (see e.g.Minikin et al., 2003).”